End‐to‐End Design of High‐Dimensional Multiplexed Metasurfaces Using Single‐Type Meta‐Atoms

Abstract

ABSTRACT Metasurfaces provide powerful control over the amplitude, phase, polarization, and wavelength of light, enabling compact and multifunctional photonic systems. However, designing metasurfaces with high‐dimensional multiplexing capabilities often requires composite or interleaved meta‐atom configurations, which can introduce fabrication complexity, near‐field coupling, and limited scalability. Here, we present an end‐to‐end differentiable design framework that integrates meta‐atom geometry modeling with global optical performance optimization. By leveraging a neural network–based surrogate model, we establish a continuous mapping between geometric parameters and polarization‐dependent optical responses, allowing gradient‐based co‐optimization of metasurface functionality using only single‐type, fabrication‐friendly meta‐atoms. We experimentally demonstrate a single‐layer metasurface that achieves eight‐channel polarization multiplexing at a single operating wavelength, simultaneously generating distinct nanoprinting patterns and 3D holograms with minimal inter‐channel crosstalk. Extending this approach across two wavelengths enables 16 independent optical channels, validating the scalability of the framework. The proposed strategy unifies structural simplicity with functional versatility, offering a robust and generalizable platform for advanced applications in high‐capacity optical displays, secure data encoding, and integrated photonic systems.

Affiliated Institutions

• Donghua University CN
• University of Chinese Academy of Sciences CN
• Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics CN

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