Abstract

The tensor-operator and group-theoretical methods of Racah are used to examine the following contributions to the Hamiltonian of a rare-earth ion: ( a ) the Coulomb interaction between the electrons, ( b ) the spin-orbit coupling of the electrons, and ( c ) the term arising from the influence of an external electrostatic field such as occurs when the rare-earth ion is situated in a crystal lattice. With regard to ( a ), the positions of all the terms of the configurations f 2 , f 3 and f 4 , as well as all the terms of other configurations f n whose multiplicities are the highest or the highest but one, are tabulated on the basis of a hydrogenic 4 f wave function. The theory of ( b ) is developed, and the parameter λ defining the spin-orbit splitting of a term is given for all terms whose energies have been found, ( c ) is treated by similar techniques and the theory is related to the one at present in use. All the general methods are illustrated by examples.

Keywords

ElectronHamiltonian (control theory)IonPhysicsAtomic physicsWave functionCoulombQuantum mechanicsMathematics

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Year
1957
Type
article
Volume
240
Issue
1223
Pages
509-523
Citations
154
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Cite This

J.P. Elliott, Brian R. Judd, W. A. Runciman (1957). Energy levels in rare-earth ions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences , 240 (1223) , 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1957.0104

Identifiers

DOI
10.1098/rspa.1957.0104