Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous sources cause free radical-induced DNA damage in living organisms by a variety of mechanisms. The highly reactive hydroxyl radical reacts with the heterocyclic DNA bases and the sugar moiety near or at diffusion-controlled rates. Hydrated electron and H atom also add to the heterocyclic bases. These reactions lead to adduct radicals, further reactions of which yield numerous products. These include DNA base and sugar products, single- and double-strand breaks, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, tandem lesions, clustered sites and DNA-protein cross-links. Reaction conditions and the presence or absence of oxygen profoundly affect the types and yields of the products. There is mounting evidence for an important role of free radical-induced DNA damage in the etiology of numerous diseases including cancer. Further understanding of mechanisms of free radical-induced DNA damage, and cellular repair and biological consequences of DNA damage products will be of outmost importance for disease prevention and treatment.
Keywords
RadicalDNA damageChemistryDNAFree-radical theory of agingHydroxyl radicalAdductBiochemistryReactive oxygen speciesDNA glycosylaseBiophysicsOrganic chemistryBiology
Affiliated Institutions
Related Publications
Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress
Metal-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, with an emphasis on the generation and role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, is reviewed. Metal-mediated formation of free ra...
The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies
Living species are continuously subjected to all extrinsic forms of reactive oxidants and others that are produced endogenously. There is extensive literature on the generation ...
Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Oxidative stress is proposed as a regulatory element in ageing and various neurological disorders. The excess of oxidants causes a reduction of antioxidants, which in turn produ...
Hydrazinolysis of some purines and pyrimidines and their related nucleosides and nucleotides
Uracil and thymme and their related nucleosides and nucleotides are degraded quantitatively by treatment with hydrazine hydrate at 90°. The reaction products are, respectively, ...
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Carcinogenesis
Chemical carcinogenesis follows a multistep process involving both mutation and increased cell proliferation. Oxidative stress can occur through overproduction of reactive oxyge...
Publication Info
- Year
- 2012
- Type
- review
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 382-419
- Citations
- 707
- Access
- Closed
External Links
Social Impact
Altmetric
PlumX Metrics
Social media, news, blog, policy document mentions
Citation Metrics
707
OpenAlex
Cite This
Paweł Jaruga,
Miral Dizdaroğlu
(2012).
Mechanisms of free radical-induced damage to DNA.
Free Radical Research
, 46
(4)
, 382-419.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2011.653969
Identifiers
- DOI
- 10.3109/10715762.2011.653969