Abstract
The authors first describe individual differences in the structure of the self. In the independent self-construal, representations of others are separate from the self. In the interdependent self-construal, others are considered part of the self (H. Markus & S. Kitayama, 1991). In general, men in the United States are thought to construct and maintain an independent self-construal, whereas women are thought to construct and maintain an interdependent self-construal. The authors review the psychological literature to demonstrate that many gender differences in cognition, motivation, emotion, and social behavior may be explained in terms of men's and women's different self-construals. Recognition of the interdependent self-construal as a possible alternative conception of the self may stimulate new investigations into the ways the self influences a person's thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Keywords
Self construalPsychologyConstruct (python library)InterdependenceConstrual level theoryFeelingSocial psychologyConstrualsSelfCognitionSelf-conceptCognitive psychologyComputer scienceSociology
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Publication Info
- Year
- 1997
- Type
- review
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-37
- Citations
- 2369
- Access
- Closed
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Cite This
Susan E. Cross,
Laura Madson
(1997).
Models of the self: Self-construals and gender..
Psychological Bulletin
, 122
(1)
, 5-37.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5
Identifiers
- DOI
- 10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5