Motor Functions of the Basal Ganglia

Abstract

The sections in this article are: 1 Anatomical Background 1.1 Striatum 1.2 Pallidal-Subthalamic Relations 1.3 Basal Ganglia Output 1.4 Thalamocortical Projections 2 Motor Effects of Lesions 2.1 General Considerations 2.1.1 Lesion Specificity 2.1.2 Species Differences 2.1.3 Acute Versus Chronic Effects 2.1.4 Methods of Observation and Examination 2.2 Lesions of Individual Nuclei 2.2.1 Globus Pallidus 2.2.2 Substantia Nigra 2.2.3 Combined Pallidal and Nigral Lesions 2.2.4 Subthalamic Nucleus 2.2.5 Striatum 2.2.6 Summary 3 Motor Effects of Electrical Stimulation 3.1 Electrical Stimulation in Alert Animals 3.1.1 Spontaneous Motor Behavior 3.1.2 Observations in Human Subjects 3.2 Electrical Stimulation in Anesthetized Animals 3.2.1 Effects on Cortically Induced Movements 3.2.2 Effects on Spinal Motor Mechanisms 3.3 Do Basal Ganglia Exert Inhibitory Influence on Motor Mechanisms? 4 Single-Cell Studies in The Basal Ganglia 4.1 Spontaneous Activity 4.2 Temporal Relation to Movement 4.3 Somatotopic Organization 4.4 Relations to Parameters of Movement 4.5 Vestibular and Postural Mechanisms 4.6 Responses to Peripheral Stimuli 4.6.1 Alert Animals 4.6.2 Anesthetized Preparations 4.7 Relations to Specific Behaviors 4.7.1 Feeding Behavior 4.7.2 Delayed Response Task 4.8 Summary 5 Lesioning and Recording in Human Subjects 6 Motor Behavioral Studies 6.1 Reaction Time 6.2 Speed of Movement 6.3 Other Aspects of Motor Performance 6.4 Continuous Pursuit Movements 7 Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Basal Ganglia Disorders 7.1 Akinesia and Hyperactivity 7.2 Dyskinesias and Stereotyped Behavior 7.3 Rigidity 7.4 Resting Tremor 8 Interpretative Summary

Keywords

Affiliated Institutions

• Johns Hopkins Medicine US
• Johns Hopkins University US

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