Multi-Threshold Image Segmentation Based on Reinforcement Learning–Thermal Conduction–Sine Cosine Algorithm (RLTCSCA): Symmetry-Driven Optimization for Image Processing

Abstract

To address the inherent limitations of the standard Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) in multi-threshold image segmentation, this paper proposes an enhanced algorithm named the Reinforcement Learning–Thermal Conduction–Sine Cosine Algorithm (RLTC-SCA), with symmetry as a core guiding principle. Symmetry, a fundamental property in nature and image processing, refers to the invariance or regularity of grayscale distributions, texture patterns, and structural features across image regions; this characteristic is widely exploited to improve segmentation accuracy by leveraging consistent spatial or intensity relationships. In multi-threshold segmentation, symmetry manifests in the balanced distribution of optimal thresholds within the grayscale space, as well as the symmetric response of segmentation metrics (e.g., PSNR, SSIM) to threshold adjustments. To evaluate the optimization performance of RLTC-SCA, comprehensive numerical experiments were conducted on the CEC2020 and CEC2022 benchmark test suites. The proposed algorithm was compared with several mainstream metaheuristic algorithms. An ablation study was designed to analyze the individual contribution and synergistic effects of the three enhancement strategies. The convergence behavior was characterized using indicators such as average fitness value, search trajectory, and convergence curve. Moreover, statistical stability was assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (at a significance level of p = 0.05) and the Friedman test. Experimental results demonstrate that RLTC-SCA outperforms all comparison algorithms in terms of average fitness, convergence speed, and stability, ranking first on both benchmark test suites. Furthermore, RLTC-SCA was applied to multi-threshold image segmentation tasks, where the Otsu method was adopted as the objective function. Segmentation performance was evaluated on multiple benchmark images under four threshold levels (2, 4, 6, and 8) using PSNR, FSIM, and SSIM as evaluation metrics. The results indicate that RLTC-SCA can efficiently obtain optimal segmentation thresholds, with PSNR, FSIM, and SSIM values consistently higher than those of competing algorithms—demonstrating superior segmentation accuracy and robustness. This study provides a reliable solution for improving the efficiency and precision of multi-threshold image segmentation and enriches the application of intelligent optimization algorithms in the field of image processing.

Affiliated Institutions

• Hanyang University KR
• Shenzhen Polytechnic CN
• Sungkyunkwan University KR

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