The results of a retrospective study of 3,937 cancer patients are presented, with controls matched by age and interviewer. A list of sites associated with smoking is established, including the lip, tongue, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, and bladder. By considering the different criteria of consumption, we were able to separate these sites into two groups: (a) In cancer of the lip, oral cavity (excluding the tongue), oropharynx, hypopharynx, and esophagus, neither inhalation nor preference for cigarettes seems to be significant. (b) Inhalation and preference for cigarettes are significant for cancer of lung, larynx, and probably bladder. In the sites listed in (b), inhalation was an important factor, independent of the amount smoked or the method of smoking. The particular significance of the cigarette is less definite; it depends, in part, but in part only, on inhalation, which is associated with this type of smoking. To give a complete explanation of the significance of cigarettes, we have included other considerations: Smokers of the cigarette-only, pipe-only, and pipe-and-cigarette categories differ in certain respects and perhaps in their manner of smoking in general. The effect of inhalation appears, in this study, to be specific. Thus it is significant in some sites of cancer but not in others, and the study of a group of noncancerous patients brings out the relationship between inhalation and certain diseases.
Part 1 General information on cancer staging and end-results reporting: purposes and principles of staging reporting of cancer survival and end results. Part 2 Staging of cancer...
The dose-response relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and risk for lung cancer was established in 1950 by epidemiological studies. Laboratory assays with tobacco ta...
Fifty million Americans smoke to bacco, and nearly half a million per year die prematurely because of it. Although the dangers of smoking have long been suspected?King James I d...
Background Cancer incidence is higher in men than in women at most shared anatomic sites for currently unknown reasons. The authors quantified the extent to which behaviors (smo...
Abstract Objective : To present the theory, technique, and results of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral, laryngeal, and head and neck cancers. Study Design : Retros...
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