Wearable Sensor–Based Telerehabilitation Versus Conventional Physiotherapy in Knee OA: Insights from the KneE-PAD Pilot Study

Abstract

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability globally. Conventional physiotherapy, while effective, faces barriers including accessibility and adherence. Telerehabilitation augmented by wearable sensor technology and AI-driven feedback offers a scalable alternative. Objective: This pilot randomized controlled trial compared the feasibility, safety, and preliminary clinical effectiveness of a sensor-based telerehabilitation protocol using the KneE-PAD patient monitoring approach which was also combined with an avatar-guided visual feedback add-on tool. Although this approach is capable of AI-driven postural error detection, this feature was not enabled during the current study, and feedback was provided solely through visual cues. Methods: Twenty adults with radiographically confirmed Kellgren–Lawrence grade 1 to 3 knee OA were randomized into two groups (Control/Intervention groups, n = 10 in each). The control group received in-person physiotherapy, while the intervention group engaged in remote rehabilitation supported by wearable sEMG and IMU sensors. The 8-week program included supervised and home-based sessions. Primary outcomes were WOMAC scores (Functionality/Pain), quadriceps strength, and sEMG-derived neuromuscular activation. Secondary outcomes included Timed Up and Go test (TUG), psychological measures (HADS, TSK), and self-efficacy measure (ASES). Analyses employed both parametric and non-parametric statistics including an effect size estimation. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in WOMAC total scores (Intervention: −11.8 points; Control: −6.4 points), exceeding the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for knee OA. Strength and mobility also improved significantly in both groups, with the Intervention group showing superior gains in sEMG measures (RMS: p = 0.0077; Peak-to-Peak: p < 0.005), indicating enhanced neuromuscular adaptation. TUG performance improved more in the intervention group (–3.17 s vs. –2.57 s, p = 0.037). Psychological outcomes favored the control group, particularly in depression scores (HADS-D, t(18) = 2.37, p = 0.03). Adherence was high (94.8%), with zero attrition and no adverse events. Conclusions: The KneE-PAD monitoring approach offers a feasible and clinically effective alternative to conventional physiotherapy, enhancing neuromuscular outcomes through real-time sensor feedback. These findings support the viability of intelligent telerehabilitation for scalable OA care and inform the design of future large-scale trials.

Affiliated Institutions

• University of West Attica GR
• University of Peloponnese GR

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