Bob G. Witmer

Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire

The effectiveness of virtual environments (VEs) has often been linked to the sense of presence reported by users of those VEs. (Presence is defined as the subjective experience ...

Virtual spaces and real world places: transfer of route knowledge

On Selecting the Right Yardstick

In an article that discussed both the conceptual aspects of presence and the practical considerations of measuring the concept (Witmer & Singer, 1998), we argued that both i...

Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Environment

Two experiments were conducted to investigate route and configurational knowledge acquisition in a virtual environment (VE). The results indicate that route knowledge can be acq...