Abstract
Bi-factor analysis is a form of confirmatory factor analysis originally introduced by Holzinger. The bi-factor model has a general factor and a number of group factors. The purpose of this article is to introduce an exploratory form of bi-factor analysis. An advantage of using exploratory bi-factor analysis is that one need not provide a specific bi-factor model a priori. The result of an exploratory bi-factor analysis, however, can be used as an aid in defining a specific bi-factor model. Our exploratory bi-factor analysis is simply exploratory factor analysis using a bi-factor rotation criterion. This is a criterion designed to approximate perfect cluster structure in all but the first column of a rotated loading matrix. Examples are given to show how exploratory bi-factor analysis can be used with ideal and real data. The relation of exploratory bi-factor analysis to the Schmid–Leiman method is discussed.
Keywords
Exploratory factor analysisFactor (programming language)Confirmatory factor analysisFactor analysisA priori and a posterioriExploratory analysisStatisticsComputer scienceMathematicsPsychometricsStructural equation modelingData science
Affiliated Institutions
Related Publications
The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models
Bifactor latent structures were introduced over 70 years ago, but only recently has bifactor modeling been rediscovered as an effective approach to modeling <i>construct-relevan...
Bifactor Models and Rotations: Exploring the Extent to Which Multidimensional Data Yield Univocal Scale Scores
The application of psychological measures often results in item response data that arguably are consistent with both unidimensional (a single common factor) and multidimensional...
On the Assessment of Unidimensional Measurement: Internal and External Consistency, and Overall Consistency Criteria
Kumar and Dillon recently presented a conceptual, overall consistency criterion that represents a sufficient condition for consistency. In commenting on their article, the autho...
Male Role Norms Inventory–Short Form (MRNI-SF): Development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender.
The current study reports the development from the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (MRNI-R; Levant, Rankin, Williams, Hasan, & Smalley, 2010) of the 21-item MRNI-Short Form (M...
An Empirical Comparison Of The Similarity Of Principal Component, Image, And Factor Patterns
Factor analysis, image component analysis, and principal component analysis are three methods that have been employed for the same purpose. Factor analysis was traditionally vie...
Publication Info
- Year
- 2011
- Type
- article
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 537-549
- Citations
- 291
- Access
- Closed
External Links
Social Impact
Altmetric
PlumX Metrics
Social media, news, blog, policy document mentions
Citation Metrics
291
OpenAlex
Cite This
Robert I. Jennrich,
Peter M. Bentler
(2011).
Exploratory Bi-Factor Analysis.
Psychometrika
, 76
(4)
, 537-549.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-011-9218-4
Identifiers
- DOI
- 10.1007/s11336-011-9218-4